Fungicide Resistance Management Strategies

INTRODUCTION

The CropLife Australia Expert Committee on Fungicide Resistance (ECFR) has drafted disease resistance management strategies in conjunction with growers, researchers and agronomists to minimise the development of resistance to fungicides. These strategies provide growers with guidelines for fungicide use (and other methods) for sustainable disease control.

WHAT IS FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE?

Resistance by fungal pathogens to fungicides usually evolves following the intensive use of fungicides for disease control. In any fungal population there are likely to be individuals that have some degree of natural resistance and which are less susceptible to fungicides, even before the chemicals are used. Resistance arises mainly through the incorrect use of fungicides, which selects for the resistant individuals. Continued use of a fungicide or fungicide chemical group can result in a significant build-up of resistant individuals in the fungal population – to the point where that particular product, or other products from the same chemical group, is no longer effective. In some cases, removal of the selection pressure can result in the fungal population regaining its sensitivity to the fungicide group, but this is not always the case. The risk of fungicide resistance developing varies between different chemical groups and different fungal pathogens, such that specific strategies are recommended for those situations considered to carry the highest risk.

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT OR DELAY RESISTANCE?

The most common approach to managing fungicide resistance is through responsible use of fungicides, of which the resistance management strategies presented in this document are good examples. In their most basic form, these strategies advocate rotation of fungicide products with a different chemical activity group to prevent over-use of any one product or activity group. More complex strategies safeguard against the development of cross-resistance or resistance to multiple chemical groups. In Australia, all fungicide products are labelled to identify which activity group they belong to. The activity group is indicated by a number (or letter/number combination) code on the product label.

Selecting the most effective or appropriate way to apply fungicides will make them work better and assist in delaying the development of resistance. A good understanding of the pathogen’s life cycle and epidemiology will also help in the selection of the most appropriate application method. As a general rule, targeted applications to control a certain development stage or population level are most effective, whereas shotgun approaches like application of fungicides through irrigation systems could accelerate the development of resistance by exposing a large portion of the fungal population to sub-lethal rates. Particular attention should be given to label recommendations, rates and coverage. Adherence to suggested disease threshold levels is also good resistance management practice.

The use of cultural practices or growing varieties of crops with a high degree of natural resistance to diseases – requiring fewer or less frequent fungicide applications.

Working with industry bodies such as the CropLife Australia Expert Committee on Fungicide Resistance to establish resistance management strategies for minor crops and/or those crops for which no strategies exist. Of particular concern are permitted uses of fungicides, often in minor crops, where repeated use of a limited number of fungicide alternatives occurs. Although not explicitly stated on agricultural use permits, such permitted uses should also incorporate measures to prevent resistance.

In the event of tank mixing products and/or co-formulations, always follow the recommendation from the most recent Fungicide Resistance Management Strategies and apply the most stringent strategy applicable to the pathogen most at risk of developing resistance.

Certain environments are conducive to continuous infection and consistently high disease pressure. Examples of such environments are nurseries, tunnels, greenhouses and other structures of protected cultivation. Because protected cultivation usually requires multiple applications of fungicides at short intervals to control high disease incidence, there is a much higher risk of development of resistance to fungicides. Users of fungicides under these conditions should be particularly mindful of the enhanced resistance risk. Do not use a fungicide product to which resistance has been confirmed and stop using a product if resistance is suspected. When the fungicide in question no longer gives adequate control, stop using it temporarily and consult the supplier on its current resistance status.

In the absence of an established resistance management strategy for a particular crop/disease situation, it is recommended that the use of fungicides from any given activity group (excluding Group M and BM) be limited to a maximum of one-third of the total number of fungicide applications. The use of consecutive applications of fungicides from the same activity group should also be limited by alternating between products from different activity groups. The use of Group M and BM fungicides is not limited, as these fungicides carry an inherently low risk of fungicide resistance developing.

ACTIVITY GROUP LABELLING IN AUSTRALIA

In order to help fungicide users to manage fungicide resistance, all fungicide products sold in Australia are classified according to the chemical activity group of their active constituent. The activity group must be indicated by a letter code on the product label. Australia was the first country to introduce compulsory activity group labelling on products. Since the introduction of activity group labelling in Australia, other countries have adopted activity group classification systems, however caution should be shown if cross-referencing activity groups between Australia and other countries, as there are some differences in classification.

CHANGES TO ACTIVITY GROUPS

In 2008, CropLife Australia completely revised Australia’s fungicide activity grouping system to bring it into line with the international Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) activity group classification system. This was the first major revision of the Australian classification system since its introduction several years ago. Activity group codes have now been changed from letters to numbers (or letter/number combinations). For a complete list of all fungicide active constituents registered in Australia and their old and new activity groups, see the Fungicide Activity Group Table on the CropLife Australia website at www.croplife.org.au.

RESISTANCE RISK

Table 1:       Plant pathogens accepted as showing a medium risk of development of resistance to fungicides.

FRAC Pathogen	Crop	Disease
Bremia lactucae	Lettuce	Downy mildew
Gibberella fujikuroi*	Rice	Bakanae
Leptosphaera nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum)	Wheat	Leaf spot
Monilinia spp.	Stone and pome fruit	Monilinia rots
Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici)	Wheat	Septoria
Mycosphaerella musicola	Banana	Yellow Sigatoka (Leaf Spot)
Peronospora spp.	Various	Downy mildew
Podosphaera leucotricha	Apple	Powdery mildew
Puccinia spp.	Wheat/barley	Rusts
Pyrenophora teres	Barley	Net Blotch
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis	Wheat	Tan spot (yellow spot)
Tapesia spp.	Wheat/barley	Eyespot
Erysiphe necator*	Grapevine	Powdery mildew

*The EPPO Guideline lists these pathogens as high risk and baselines are normally requested

Table 2:       Plant pathogens accepted as showing a high risk of development of resistance to fungicides (adapted from EPPO, 2002).

FRAC Pathogen	Crop	Disease
Botrytis cinerea	Various, especially grapevine	Grey mould
Erysiphe graminis	Wheat / barley	Powdery mildew
Mycosphaerella fijiensis	Banana	Black sigatoka
Phytophthora infestans	Potato	Late blight
Plasmopara viticola	Grapevine	Downy mildew
Pseudoperonospora cubensis and related	Cucurbits	Downy mildew
Pyricularia oryzae	Rice	Rice blast
Sphaerotheca fuliginea and related	Cucurbits	Powdery mildew
Venturia spp.	Apple, pear	Scab

Table 3:       Plant pathogens for which resistance has been confirmed or suspected in Australian field conditions. Users are advised to at all times adhere to appropriate resistance management strategies.

FRAC Pathogen	Crop	Resistance confirmed against	FRAC Group	Disease
Botrytis cinerea	Strawberries	Iprodione	2	Grey mould
		Strobilurins	11
		Pyrimethanil	9
		Fenhexamid	17
Blumeria graminis f.s.p. hordei	Barley	Triazoles	3	Powdery mildew
Podosphaera xanthii	Cucurbits	Buprimate	8	Powdery mildew
		Strobilurins	11
		Triadimenol	3
Erysiphe necator	Grapes	Strobilurins	11	Powdery mildew
Venturia inaequalis	Apples	Triazoles	3	Black spot
Plasmopara viticola	Grapes	Phenylamides	4	Downy mildew
		Strobilurins	11
Mycosphaerella musicola	Bananas	Strobilurins	11	Yellow sigatoka

Pathogens with high resistance risk

In some cases, fungicides from additional fungicide activity groups may be available under permit for use in the above crop/pest situations. Details of such permits can be obtained from the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) website (www.apvma.gov.au). In the absence of a resistance management strategy for activity groups of products available under permit, or in the absence of restrictions contained within the permit, it is strongly advised that those products (excluding Group M and BM fungicides) be used in alternation with registered products from other fungicide activity groups, which should be used in accordance with the following resistance management strategies.

Pathogens with medium or unlisted resistance risk

In some cases, fungicides from additional fungicide activity groups may be available under permit for use in the above crop/pest situation. Details of such permits can be obtained from the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) website: (www.apvma.gov.au). In the absence of a resistance management strategy for activity groups of products available under permit, it is advised that spray programs incorporating those products (excluding Group M fungicides) also incorporate registered products from other fungicide activity groups. Programs should be used in accordance with the following resistance management strategies.

Crop(s):          Almonds

Disease(s):    Blossom blight and brown rot

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2               Dicarboximides;
Group 3               Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7                Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 11              Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11 + 3      QoI + DMI; and
Group 11+7        QoI + SDHI.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of blossom blight/brown rot targeting sprays		2	3	7 (incl. 7+11)	11 (incl. 11+3 and 7+11)
	1	1	1	1	1
	2	2	2	1	1
	3	2	2	1	2
	4	2	2	1	2
	5	2	2	1	2
	6	3	3	2	2
	7	3	3	2	2
	8	3	3	2	2
	9+	3	3	3	3

1. Do not apply consecutive sprays of products containing Group 7 or 11. Consecutive sprays include mixtures containing Group 7 or 11.
2. Do not apply more than three Group 2 sprays in one season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
3. Consecutive application includes from the end of one season to the start of the following season.
4. The spray program should be considered and the strategy applied on a whole-orchard basis.
5. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as rotation and mixing partners as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Almonds

Disease(s):    Rust

Resistance Management Strategy for:
Group 3           Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7           Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 11         Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11+3    QoI + DMI; and
Group 11+7     QoI + SDHI.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of rust targeting sprays		3	7 (incl. 7+11)	11 (incl. 11+3 and 7+11)
	1	1	1	1
	2	2	1	1
	3	2	1	2
	4	2	1	2
	5	2	1	2
	6	3	2	2
	7	3	2	2
	8	3	2	2
	9+	3	3	3

1. Do not apply consecutive sprays of solo products containing Group 7 or 11. Consecutive sprays include mixtures containing Group 7 or 11. If applying Group 7 7 or Group 11 fungicides in mixtures e.g. Group 11+7, consecutive application is allowed. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
2. If two consecutive sprays of Group 3 or Group 11+3 fungicides are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group(s) before using another Group 3, including sprays in the following seasons.
3. If applying Group 7 or Group 11 fungicides in mixtures e.g. Group 11+7. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
4. Rotate with products from Groups M2, M3 and M5.
5. The spray program should be considered and the strategy applied on a whole-orchard basis.

Crop(s):          Apples, Pears

Pest(s):           Apple and Pear scab

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3            Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7             Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+11       SDHI + QoI;
Group 9             Anilinopyrimidines (AP);
Group 11           Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group U12       Guanidines.

1. To prevent or delay the onset of resistance to Group 3 fungicides, Do not apply more than four Group 3 sprays alone per season.
2.  If more sprays are required apply a tank mix of a Group 3 with a Group 9 or suitable product from Groups M or M1 to M9, or apply a registered product containing a combination of a Group 3 and a Group 9 fungicide.
3. Do not apply more than four sprays per season of Group 9 fungicides (solo products).
4. Do not apply more than four sprays per season of products containing a combination of a Group 9 and a Group 3 fungicide and no more than two consecutive applications.
5. Where spray programs include solo Group 9 products and combination products, the maximum cumulative number of applications is four per season and no more than two consecutive applications.
6. In locations where resistance has been reported use a Group 9 only in mixture with a registered, alternative mode of action for which resistance is not known.
7. Always apply SDHI fungicides as per the label recommendations and only use as preventative treatment.
8. Do not apply more than three sprays per season of Group 7 or Group 11 fungicides. If two consecutive applications of Group 7 or Group 11 fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different mode of action group(s) before a Group 7 or Group 11 fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season.
9. When mixtures are used for SDHI fungicide resistance management, applied as tank mix or as a co-formulated mixture, the mixture partner should provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the target disease and must have a different mode of action.
10. Pomefruit spray guidelines for SDHI fungicides:

Total number of spray applications per crop	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	>12
Max. recommended alone SDHI fungicide sprays	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3
Max. recommended SDHI fungicide sprays in mixture of coformulated	1	1	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4

1. To prevent or delay the onset of resistance to Group U12, do not apply more than three consecutive sprays of Group U12, and no more than a total of six Group U12 sprays per season.
2. If more sprays are required, tank mix Group U12 with a protectant product at the registered rate.

Crop(s):        Avocado and Mango

Disease(s):  Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

*Group 3 Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7+11 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) + Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI);
Group 11 Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI).

1. If applying Group 11 (including 7+11) fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group. Do not apply more than three Group 11 sprays per season within the field. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 11.
2. *Do not apply more than four Group 3 sprays in a season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 3 fungicide alone.
3. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

*Appropriate in mangoes only.

Crop(s):          Banana

Disease(s):    Yellow sigatoka

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3              Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 3        SDHI + DMI;
Group 9               Anilinopyrimidines (AP); and
Group 11             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI).

FAR NORTH QUEENSLAND

1. De-leafing must be conducted in accordance with industry guidelines.
2. Apply a regular schedule of protectant sprays.
3. When disease potential is high, apply a maximum of two consecutive Group 3 sprays before changing to a fungicide of a different activity group.
4. Do not apply more than six Group 3 sprays in any 12-month period. Do not apply any Group 3 sprays in the months of June, July, August and September.
5. Do not apply more than two Group 11 sprays in any 12-month period. Do not apply Group 11 sprays in the months of May, June, July, August and September.
6. Do not apply more than four Group 7 sprays in any 12-month period. Do not apply Group 7 sprays in the months of June, July, August and September.
7. Group 7 or 11 fungicides should be applied in mixture with another fungicide from a different activity Group registered for the control of Yellow Sigatoka at the full registered rate.
8. Do not apply consecutive sprays of Group 7 or 11 fungicides.
9. Apply a minimum of two sprays from a different activity group between sprays of a Group 7 or 11 fungicide.
10. Do not apply more than six Group 9 sprays in any 12-month period.
11. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 9 fungicide before changing to a fungicide of a different activity group. When using consecutive applications of Group 9 fungicides, follow with at least as many different activity group fungicides before resuming with a Group 9 fungicide.

Group	Maximum number of applications per year	Maximum number of consecutive sprays	Restricted (no-spray) periods
3	6 (& no more than 2 of 3 sprays)	2	June to September inclusive
7	4 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)	Not allowed	June to September inclusive
9	6 (& no more than 2 of 4 sprays)	2	No restriction
11	2 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)	Not allowed	May to September inclusive

EVERYWHERE EXCEPT FAR NORTH QUEENSLAND

1. When using Group 3 fungicides, apply a maximum of two consecutive Group 3 sprays before changing to a fungicide of a different activity group.
2. Do not apply more than six Group 3 sprays in any 12-month period.
3. Do not apply more than four Group 7 or 11 sprays in any 12-month period.
4. Do not apply consecutive sprays of Group 7 or 11 fungicides.
5. Apply a minimum of two sprays from a different activity group between sprays of a Group 7 or 11 fungicide.
6. Do not apply more than six Group 9 sprays in any 12-month period.
7. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of Group 9 fungicides before changing to a fungicide of a different activity group. When using consecutive applications of Group 9 fungicides, follow with at least as many different activity group fungicides before resuming with a Group 9 fungicide.

Group	Maximum number of applications per year	Maximum number of consecutive sprays	Restricted (no-spray) periods
3	6 (& no more than 2 of 3 sprays)	2	6 (& no more than 2 of 3 sprays)
7	4 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)	Not allowed	4 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)
9	6 (& no more than 2 of 4 sprays)	2	6 (& no more than 2 of 4 sprays)
11	4 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)	Not allowed	4 (& no more than 1 of 3 sprays)

Crop(s):          Barley

Disease(s):    Powdery Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3                Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 5                Amines (morpholines);
Group 7                 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 3         SDHI + DMI;
Group 11 + 3       Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI;
Group 11 + 4       QoI + phenylamides (PA); 
Group 13              Aza-napthalene; and
Group 11+7+3     QoI + SDHI + DMI.

1. Fungicides should be used preventatively or at first sign of disease. If disease is established within the canopy, fungicides may not produce optimal results and there is high chance of selection for fungicide resistance. In high risk disease environments, integrated management approaches should be used to reduce fungicide resistance risk including the removal of stubble, control of green bridge volunteers and the use of resistant varieties. Monitor if conditions favour disease development and reapply an appropriate fungicide from 21 to 28 days after first application. Use the higher label rate ranges where conditions favour disease development.
2. Do not apply more than two applications per growing season of Group 3, 5, 7 (7+3, 11+7+3), 11 (11+3, 11+7+3 or 11+4) or 13 containing products. This includes in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on powdery mildew. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
3. Use Group 13 products in mixture with an effective partner or alternate with fungicides of a different activity group. Always apply in mixture with a curative fungicide where disease is established. Where applied alone, only use as a protectant (preventative) treatment.
4. Do not apply consecutive applications of Group 11 containing products. This includes in-furrow i.e. If a Group 11+4 fungicide has been used in-furrow at planting, the first foliar fungicide spray must not contain a Group 11 fungicide.
5. If a Group 7 seed treatment has been used with foliar activity (as determined by label claims), the first foliar fungicide applied must not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
6. Group 7 foliar fungicides must always be in a co-formulation or in mixture with a registered mixing partner with a different mode of action, with no known resistance.
7. Minimise use of Group 3 fungicides which are known to have compromised efficacy due to resistance.

Crop(s):          Barley

Disease(s):    Scald and Net blotch

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3               Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 3        SDHI + DMI;
Group 11 + 3      Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI;
Group 11 + 4      QoI + phenylamides (PA);
Group 11+7+3   QoI + SDHI + DMI.

1. Fungicides should be used as protectant treatments – where no more than 5% leaf area infection evident anywhere in the canopy. In high risk disease environments, integrated management approaches should be used to reduce fungicide resistance risk, which may include:
   1. removal of stubble,
   2. crop rotation (avoid barley on barley),
   3. control of green bridge volunteers; and
   4. use of tolerant and resistant varieties.
2. Do not apply more than one application of a Group 7 seed treatment with foliar activity in any two consecutive growing seasons.
3. Do not apply more than two applications per growing season of Group 11 or 7 containing products. This includes foliar sprays as well as in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
4. Do not apply consecutive applications of Group 11 containing products. This includes in-furrow i.e. if a Group 11+4 or 11+3+7 fungicide has been used in-furrow at planting, the first foliar fungicide spray must not contain a Group 11 fungicide.
5. If a Group 7 seed treatment has been used with foliar activity (as determined by label claims), the first foliar fungicide applied should not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
6. If a Group 7 fungicide is being applied as a foliar spray, it must be in a co-formulation or in mixture with a registered mixing partner with a different mode of action, with no known resistance.
7. Do not apply more than three applications containing Group 3 fungicides per growing season. This total of three applications includes DMIs applied as Group 11+3 or Group 11+7+3 co-formulations and in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatments are counted as one application.
8. Minimise use of Group 3 fungicides which are known to have compromised resistance status.

NET BLOTCH ON YORKE PENINSULA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

• Minimise use of Group 7 fungicides with foliar activity where resistance has been confirmed.
• Minimise the use of Group 7 fungicides (seed treatments and foliar sprays) to high-risk crop varieties.
• Group 7 fungicides should not comprise more than 50% of the total number of fungicide applications targeting this disease, which includes seed treatments with foliar activity and foliar sprays per season.

Crop(s):          Broccoli/Cauliflower

Disease(s):  White blister

Resistance Management Strategy for:
Group 4             Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11            Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 21           Quinone inside inhibitors (QiI); and
Group 28+43   Carbamates + benzamides.

1. Apply fungicides from Group 4, 11, 21 or 28+43 in a preventative strategy when conditions favour disease development. Applications made within the nursery count towards the total number of applications allowed per crop.
2. Always apply Group 4 in mixtures for foliar applications. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of products containing Group 4 actives.
3. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of fungicides containing Group 11 or 21. Consecutive sprays should only be adopted if these groups are applied in mixture with an alternative mode of action fungicide. Group 11 or 21 fungicides should be applied in strict alternation with other fungicide groups if being applied without mix partners.
4. Do not apply more than two applications of Group 4 and Group 11 fungicides per crop.
5. Do not apply more than three applications of a Group 21 or 28+43 fungicide per crop.

Crop(s)            Broccoli/Cauliflower

Disease(s):    Downy mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                    Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11                  Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI);
Group 21                 Quinone inside inhibitors (QiI); and
Group 49                 Oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPI).

1. Applications made within the nursery count towards the total number of applications allowed per crop. It is recommended that disease control is started early and maintain a regular program using a fungicide from groups other than Group 4, 11, 21 or 49.
2. When conditions favour disease development, do not wait for disease to appear, but apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 11, 21 or 49 product at the interval recommended on the label. Then resume the program of sprays using products from a different group to the Group 4, 11, 21 or 49 products just applied.
3. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 4, 11, 21 or 49 product or 33% of the total number of fungicide sprays per season, whichever is more restrictive.
4. Apply Group 4 and 49 fungicides preventatively and only in mixtures with effective protectant fungicides from a different group.
5. Do not use a Group 49 product if it will be the last fungicide applied to the crop.
6. Continue alternation of fungicides between successive crops. Do not make more than (6) six total applications of a Group 49 product per year on the same area targeting the same disease.

Crop(s):          Canola

Disease(s):     Blackleg and Sclerotinia

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2               Dicarboxamides;
Group 3               Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+3          SDHI + DMI; and
Group 7+12        SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP); and
Group 11+3        Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI.

1. Fungicides should be used primarily as a preventative or at first sign of disease. If disease is established within the canopy, fungicides may not produce optimal results and there is very strong potential to select for fungicide resistance. Sclerotinia targeted applications should be applied during flowering of the crop, prior to an infection period. Application of fungicides for Sclerotinia may put selection pressure on the blackleg population.
2. In high risk disease environments, integrated management approaches should be used to reduce fungicide resistance risk. This includes growing canola at least 500 m from previous season’s canola stubble, the use of resistant varieties, using alternative fungicide modes of action and stubble management such as knocking down and/or strategic burning.
3. The risk of developing resistance to fungicides can be reduced by incorporating different modes of action into blackleg management programs as either mixtures, co-formulations or rotations.
4. If a Group 7 seed treatment has been used with foliar activity on blackleg (as determined by label claims), the seedling fungicide application at 4-6 leaf stage targeting blackleg should not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
5. Do not apply more than two applications containing Group 7 fungicides per growing season. Combinations of in furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
6. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications of a Group 3 fungicide.
7. Do not apply more than one application container a Group 11 fungicide.
8. Minimise use of fungicides which are known to have compromised resistance status.
9. If seasonal conditions require a second fungicide application at 50% flowering after a 20% flowering timing, the second application should be from a different Group.

Application stage (Disease being controlled)

Rotation options for different fungicide active groups

Seed dressing & in-furrow (Blackleg)

None

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

3

3

3

3

Seedling foliar (Blackleg)

None

3

7

7+3

7+12

11+3

None

3

7

7+3

7+12

11+3

20% flower (Sclerotinia) Choose only one option from this section

1

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

7+3

7+3

7+3

7+3

7+3

7+3

7+3

7+3

5

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

7+12

6

11+3

11+3

11+3

11+3

11+3

11+3

11+3

11+3

 

Application stage (Disease being controlled)		Rotation options for different fungicide active groups
Seed dressing & in-furrow (Blackleg)		7	7	7	7+3	7+3	7+3
Seedling foliar (Blackleg)		None	3	11+3	None	3	11+3
20% flower (Sclerotinia) Choose only one option from this section	1	None	None	None	None	None	None
	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
	3	3	3	3	3
	4	7+3	7+3	7+3	7+3
	5	7+12	7+12	7+12	7+12	7+12	7+12
	6	11+3	11+3		11+3

 

If a second application at 50% flowering is required:

	Application at 20% flowering
	2	3	7+3	7+12	11+3
Rotation options for 50% flowering second application		2	2	2	2
	3			3
	7+3
	11+3			11+3

Crop(s):          Cucurbits

Disease(s):    Downy Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                      Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11                     Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 28 + 43         Carbamates + benzamides;
Group 40                   Carboxylic acid amide (CCA);
Group 45+40          Quinone outside inhibitors, stigmatellin binding type (QoSI) + CAA;
Group 49                    Oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPI); and
Group 49 + 11           OSBP + QoI.

1. Applications made within the nursery count towards the total number of applications allowed per crop. It is recommended that disease control is started early and maintain a regular program using a fungicide from groups other than Groups 4, 11, 28+43, 40, 45+40, 49 or 49+11.
2. When conditions favour disease development, do not wait for disease to appear, but apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 11, 28+43, 45+40, 49 or 49+11 fungicide, at the interval recommended on the label, or a single spray of a Group 11 fungicide. Then resume the program of sprays using products from a different group to the Group 4, 11, 28+43, 45+40, 49 or 49+11 fungicide just applied.
3. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 4 or Group 40 product per season.
4. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 49 containing product. Group 49 containing sprays should not consist of more than one in every three sprays of the total number of fungicide sprays per crop. Group 49+11 sprays count as both a Group 49 and a Group 11 spray.
5. Do not apply more than two sprays of Group 28+43, 45+40 or 11 containing fungicides (including 49+11) per crop.
6. Apply Group 4, 11, 45+40 and 49 (including 49+11) fungicides preventatively.
7. Apply Group 4 and 49 fungicides only in mixtures or co-formulations with a registered fungicide from a different mode of action group with no known resistance.
8. Continue alternation of fungicides between successive crops. Do not make more than (6) six total applications of a Group 49 product per year on the same area targeting the same disease.

Crop(s):          Cucurbits

Disease(s):    Powdery Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3               Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+3         SDHI + DMI;
Group 8              Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines;
Group 11             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11 + 7     QoI + SDHI:
Group 13            Aza-napthalenes;
Group U6          Phenyl-acetamide; and
Group 50           Actin disruptors (aryl-phenyl-ketones).

1. Start disease control early. Do not wait for powdery mildew to appear before spraying but start as soon as possible after crop emergence.
2. Use protectant sprays in early crop growth. Apply protectant sprays up to the fruit set stage of the crop if the disease normally occurs during this period. If this schedule is interrupted (e.g. by rain) use a tank mix of protectant plus systemic before recommencing the protectant program.
3. After fruit set, use systemic fungicides in one or more of the following ways:
   1. Tank mix systemic fungicides with a protectant fungicide and use fungicides from at least two different mode of action groups per crop.
   2. Alternate systemic fungicides with a protectant fungicide and use fungicides from at least two different mode of action groups per crop.
   3. Alternate systemic fungicides from at least three different activity groups per crop.
4. Apply Group 7 and 11 fungicides preventatively.
5. Use a maximum of one Group 11 containing spray out of every three fungicide applications.
6. Do not use consecutive applications of Group 11 or Group U6 fungicides.
7. Do not apply more than two Group 11 (including 11+7) or Group U6 products per crop.
8. Do not apply more than three Group 7 or Group 13 products per crop and no more than two consecutive applications per year.
9. SDHI guideline – use SDHI fungicides as per label instructions and as protectants only

Total number of spray applications per crop	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	>12
Maximum recommended alone SDHI fungicide sprays (apply in strict alternation)	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	4	*
Max. recommended SDHI fungicide sprays in mixture (apply a mac. of 2 consecutive applications)	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	*

* When more than 12 fungicide applications are made, observe the following guidelines.

1. When using an SDHI fungicide alone, the number of applications should be no more than 1/3 (one in every three sprays) of the total number of fungicide applications per season.
2. If used alone, apply SDHI fungicides in strict alternation with fungicides from a different cross-resistance group.
3. For programs in which tank mixes or pre-mixes of SDHI fungicides are utilized, the number of SDHI-containing applications should be no more than 1/2 (50%) of the total number of fungicide application per season.
4. If used in mixture, apply SDHI fungicides in a maximum of 2 consecutive applications.

Crop(s):          Fruit (post-harvest treatment)

Disease(s):    Post-harvest diseases

 Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2                Dicarboximides;
Group 3                Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 3 + 12      DMI + phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 9                Anilinopyrimidines (AP);
Group 11 + 12     Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + PP; and
Group 12              PP.

1. For the last pre-harvest spray, use a fungicide with a different activity group to the fungicide planned for use as a post-harvest treatment.
2. Where alternatives are available, rotate to use as many different activity groups as possible.
3. Do not dispose of unused dip solutions as a spray to crops or orchards.
4. Do not dispose of unused dip solutions within or near the crop or orchard area.

Crop(s):          Grape

Disease(s):    Downy mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4            Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11          Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 21          Quinone inside inhibitors (QiI);
Group 40         Carboxylic acid amides (CAA); 
Group 45         Quinone outside inhibitor, stigmatellin binding type (QoSI);
Group 45+40  QoSI +CAA; and
Group 49        Oxysterol binding protein homologue inhibitors (OSBPI).

1. Apply all these fungicides preventatively. Group 4 fungicides should be applied before the first sign of oilspots or as soon as possible after an infection period.
2. Group 49 fungicides should be applied prior to infection and only in mixtures with effective fungicides applied at an effective rate from a different cross resistance group. The mixing partner should give effective control of downy mildew at the rate and interval selected. Only apply Group 49 for a maximum of one in every three sprays of the total number of downy mildew sprays, and no more than two applications per season.
3. Mixtures are defined as co-formulations or tank mixes with label rate of alternative mode of action.
4. Apply a maximum of two consecutive applications of any one group.
5. Start preventative disease control sprays using non-Group 4 protectant fungicides, typically when shoots are 10-20cm long. Continue spraying at intervals of 7-21 days depending on disease pressure, label directions and rate of vine growth.
6. Limit the use of Group 4 fungicides to periods when conditions favour disease development. Always apply Group 4 fungicides in mixtures.
7. Do not apply Group 11 consecutively when applying alone.
8. Apply a maximum of 2 sprays per season of Group 11 (including mixtures), Group 45+40 and Group 49.
9. Do not apply a spray containing Group 40 as the last spray of the season.
10. Only apply a spray containing  Group 40 a maximum of 50% of the total number of downy mildew sprays.

	Group
	4	11	21+M1	40, 45+40 & 40+M3	45+40	49
Maximum number of consecutive applications	2	none	2	2	2	2
Maximum number of solo sprays	None	2	3	2 (50%)	None	None
Maximum number of sprays per season	4-mix	2	3	4-mix (50%)*	2	2-mix
Areas of higher agronomic risk	mix	mix	N/A	mix	N/A	mix

 

*Refer to Point 10

Crop(s):          Grape

Disease(s):      Grey mould (Botrytis bunch rot)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2:              Dicarboximides;
Group 7:              Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+3:         SDHI + Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7+12:       SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 9:              Anilinopyrimidines (AP);
Group 9+12:       AP + PP;
Group 11:             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11+3:        QoI + DMI; and
Group 17:            Keto reductase inhibitors (KRI).

1. Always use an integrated disease management approach to grey mould management in vines. Manipulate the bunch zone microclimate to reduce humidity and enable rapid drying of wet bunches. Always aim to reduce spore load, flower and fruit infection and limit regrowth of latent infections and disease spread by timely fungicide application in an IDM approach. Use registered fungicides at label rates from as many different mode of action groups as possible when needed.
2. Apply all these fungicides as protectants before the first sign of disease.
3. Consecutive applications include from the end of one season to the start of the next.
4. Varying the number of fungicides applied targeting Botrytis changes the relative resistance risk to any one fungicide group. When three or fewer sprays are applied, it is recommended that three different groups of fungicides are used (see table below). When four sprays are applied, try to use 3 or 4 different groups of fungicide.
   

   		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
   Total number of Botrytis targeting sprays		2	7 (Incl. 7+3, 7+12)	9 (Incl. 9+12)	11 (Incl. 11+3)	12 (Incl. 7+12, 9+12	17
   	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
   	2	1	1	1	1	2	1
   	3	1	1	1	1	2	1
   	4	2	1	2	2	2	2
   	5+	2	2	2	2	2	2

5. If a Group 11 or 7 fungicide is used solo, it should only be used in strict alternation with fungicides from a different mode of action group.
6. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays from the same fungicide group, for any Group 2, 7, 9 (including combinations with Group 12) 11+3 or 17 fungicide, including from the end of one season to the start of the following season.
7. If two consecutive applications of Group 11+3 fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s) before a Group 11 (including combinations with Group 3) fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season.
8. If resistance to a fungicide group has been detected within a region, only use that fungicide group in mixtures or in strict alternation with fungicides from a different cross resistance group. A fungicide group that has been applied as the final application of the season should not be the first fungicide in the following season.
9. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Grape

Disease(s):    Powdery mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3            Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 5            Amines (morpholines);
Group 7            Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+3      SDHI + DMI;
Group 7+12    SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 11          Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11+3     QoI + DMI;
Group 13          Aza-naphthalenes;
Group U6        Phenyl-acetamide; and
Group 50         Actin disruptors (aryl-phenyl-ketones).

1. Apply all these fungicides preventatively.
2. Consecutive applications include from the end of one season to the start of the next. Medium to high risk fungicides (Group 7 and 11) if used consecutively should be applied in a mixture or co-formulation with a registered, alternative mode of action for which resistance is not known – where these fungicides have been routinely used for many seasons, field research indicates there is an increased risk of powdery mildew resistance. To ensure effective powdery mildew control in these circumstances, either use alternative modes of action or apply in mixtures.
3. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of Group 3, 5, 13, 50 and U6.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of powdery mildew targeting sprays		3	5	7 (Incl. 7+3, 7+12)	11 (Incl. 11+3)	13	50	U6
	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
	2	2	1	1	1	2	1	1
	3	2	2	1	2	2	1	1
	4	2	2	1	2	2	2	2
	5	2	2	1	2	2	2	2
	6	3	3	2	2	3	3	2
	7	3	3	2	2	3	3	2
	8	3	3	2	2	3	3	2
	9+	3	3	3	2	3	3	2

 

Crop(s):         Lettuce

Disease(s):   Botrytis & Sclerotinia

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2          Dicarboximides;
Group 7          Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+11   SDHI + Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 7+12  SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 9         Anilinopyrimidines (AP);
Group 11        Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group 9+12  AP + PP.

1. Maintain a cover with protectant fungicide sprays at seven to ten day intervals from planting.
2. Do not apply Group 2 fungicides more than four times per season, irrespective of the target disease.
3. Do not apply more than two fungicides containing Group 9 per crop (including Group 9+12).
4. Do not apply more than three Group 7 or Group 11 containing fungicides per crop and no more than two consecutive sprays per crop. If a Group 7 or 11 fungicide has been used solo it should be in strict alternation with other modes of action. If used in a mixture, no more than two consecutive sprays per crop. This includes the treatment at the end of one crop and the start of the next as consecutive.
5. Group 7 containing sprays should not make up more than one in every three of the spray program.
6. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications of a Group 12 containing fungicide.
7. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of targeting sprays		2	7 (incl. 7+11)	9 (Incl. 9+12)	11 (Incl. 11+7)	12 (Incl. 7+12)
	1	1	1	1	1	1
	2	1	1	1	1	2
	3	1	1	1	1	2
	4	2	1	2	2	2
	5	2	1	2	2	2
	6	2	2	2	2	2

Crop(s):          Lettuce

Disease(s):    Downy Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                          Phenylamides (PA);
Group 28 + 43             Carbamates + benzamides;
Group 40                       Carboxylic acid amides (CAA);
Group 45+40              Quinone outside inhibitors, stigmatellin binding type (QoSI) + CAA;
Group 49                       Oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPI) ; and
Group 49 + 11              OSBPI + quinone outside inhibitors (QoI).

1. Applications made within the nursery count towards the total number of applications allowed per crop. It is recommended that disease control is started early and maintain a regular program using a fungicide from groups other than Group 4, 40, 45+40, 49 (or 49+11) or 28+43.
2. When conditions favour disease development, do not wait for disease to appear, but apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 40, 49, 49+11 or 28+43 product at the interval recommended on the label. Then resume the program of sprays using an alternative fungicide group to what was just applied.
3. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 4 or 40 product per season.
4. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 45+50 product per crop.
5. Apply Group 45+40 fungicides preventatively.
7. Group 49 including Group 49+11 fungicides should only consist of a maximum of one in ever three of the total fungicide sprays per season targeting downy mildew. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 49 containing product including Group 49+11 sprays. Group 49+11 sprays count as both a Group 49 and a Group 11 spray.
8. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 28+43 product per crop.
9. Apply Group 4 and 49 (or 49+11) fungicides preventatively and only in mixtures or co-formulations with a registered fungicide from a different mode of action group, with no known resistance.
10. Continue alternation of fungicide modes of action between successive crops. Do not make more than (6) six total applications of a Group 49 product per year on the same area targeting the same disease.

Crop(s):          Macadamia

Disease(s):     Husk Spot

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 1               Methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC);
Group 3               Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 11             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group 7 + 11      SDHI + QoI.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of husk spot targeting sprays		1	3	7	7+11	11 (Incl. 7+11)
	1	1	1	1	1	1
	2	2	2	1	1	1
	3	2	2	1	1	1
	4	2	2	1	2	2
	5	2	2	1	2	2
	6	3	3	2	3	3
	6+	3	3	2	3	3

1. Do not apply consecutive sprays of products containing Group 7 or 11. Consecutive sprays include mixtures containing Group 7 or 11.
2. If applying Group 1, or 3 fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays (including from one season to the next) of fungicides from the same group before changing to another group. This applies for fungicides sprayed alone or in tank mix with another mode of action.
3. When mixtures are used for Group 7 resistance management, applied as tank mix or as a co-formulated mixture, the mixture partner should provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the target disease and must have a different mode of action.
4. When using a Group 7 fungicide alone, the number of applications should be no more than one in every three sprays of the total number of fungicide applications per season.
5. If used alone, apply Group 7 fungicides in strict alternation with fungicides from a different cross-resistance group.
6. For programs in which tank mixes or pre-mixes of Group 7 fungicides are used, the number of SDHI-containing applications should be no more than ½ (50%) of the total number of fungicide application per season.
7. If used in mixtures, apply Group 7 fungicides in a maximum of 2 consecutive applications.
8. In programs where  Group 7 fungicides are made with both solo products and mixtures, the number of SDHI containing applications should be no more that ½ (50%) of the total number of fungicides applied per season.
9. The spray program should be considered and the strategy applied on a whole-orchard basis.

 

Crop(s):          Onion

Disease(s):     Downy Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                      Phenylamides (PA);
Group 28+43           Carbamates + benzamides;
Group 40                   Carboxylic acid amides (CAA);
Group 45+40          Quinone outside inhibitors, stigmatellin binding type (QoSI) + CAA;
Group 49                   Oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPI); and
Group 49+11            OSBPI + quinone outside inhibitors (QoI).

1. Start disease control early and maintain a regular program using a fungicide from groups other than Group 4, 40, 45+40 or 49 (or 49+11).
2. When conditions favour disease development, do not wait for disease to appear, but apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 28+43, 40, 49 (or 49+11) product at the interval recommended on the label. Then resume the program of sprays using products from a different mode of action group to the Group 4, 28+43, 40, 49 or 49+11 products just applied.
3. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 4 or 40 product per season.
4. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 28+43 or 49 (or 49+11) product per crop. Group 49 (or 49+11) containing sprays should not consist of more than one in every three of the total number of fungicide sprays per crop.
5. Do not apply more than two sprays of a Group 45+40 product per crop.
6. Apply Group 4, 40, 45+40 and 49 (including 49+11) fungicides preventatively.
7. Apply Group 4 and 49 (or 49+11) fungicides only in mixtures with a registered fungicide from a different mode of action group, with no known resistance.
8. Continue alternation of fungicides between successive crops. Do not make more than (6) six total applications of a Group 49 (or 49+11) product per year on the same area targeting the same disease.

Crop(s):          Ornamentals

Disease(s):    Grey mould (Botrytis)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2              Dicarboximide;
Group 9              Anilinopyrimidine (AP);
Group 9+12      AP + phenylpyrroles;
Group 11           Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI);
Group 11+3      QoI + Demethylation inhibitors (DMI); and
Group 17            Hydroxyanilide.

1. If three or fewer Botrytis fungicide sprays are applied per season, use only one spray containing a Group 9 fungicide (including 9+12). If four to six sprays are applied per season, use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 9 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per season use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 9 fungicides.
2. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 2, 9, 11, 12 or 17 fungicides.
3. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Passionfruit

Disease(s):    Alternata Spot (Alternaria spp.)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2           Dicarboximide; and
Group 11          Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI). 

1. Maintain a protective cover with a protectant fungicide such as mancozeb.
2. Limit the use of Group 2 to strategic periods, i.e. before, during and after extended wet periods. 
3. Always tank mix the Group 2 fungicide with a protectant such as mancozeb. 
4. Do not apply more than four Group 2 sprays in a season.
5. The total number of Group 11 sprays should be no more than one-third of the total number of fungicide sprays per season. 
6. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications of a Group 11 spray. 
7. If two consecutive applications of a Group 11 spray are applied, they must be followed by at least the same number of sprays from an alternative chemical group.

Crop(s):          Peanut

Disease(s):    Leaf spot, rust, net blotch

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3              Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 11             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group 3 + 11     DMI + QoI.

1. Do not apply more than three consecutive Group 3 sprays alone, before changing to a fungicide of a different activity group.
2. Apply a maximum of five Group 3 sprays per season.
3. Do not apply Group 11 products as more than 50% of the total number of sprays in any one season, up to a maximum of three sprays of Group 11.
4. Do not apply more than two consecutive applications of a Group 11 spray.
5. If two consecutive applications of a Group 11 spray are applied, they must be followed by at least the same number of sprays from an alternative chemical group.

Crop(s):          Poppies

Disease(s):     Downy Mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                    Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11                   Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 28 + 43       Carbamates plus benzamides;
Group 40                 Carboxylic acid amides (CAA);
Group 45+40        Quinone outside inhibitors, stigmatellin binding type (QoSI) + CAA;
Group 49                 Oxysterol binding protein inhibitors (OSBPI); and
Group 49 + 11        OSBPI + QoI.

1. Start disease control early and maintain a regular protectant program. Fungicide applications need to start before the 6-leaf stage for early season control to be effective.
2. When conditions favour disease development (high humidity, still weather, overcast skies), prior to visible disease symptoms (white downy growth on the underside of lower leaves followed by brown angular lesions) apply a single spray of a Group 49 fungicide, or up to two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 11, 40 or 28+43 product (including mixtures containing Group 4, 11 or 40), at the interval recommended on the label. Then resume the program of sprays using products from a different group to the Group 4, 11, 40, 49 or 28+43 products just applied.
3. Do not apply more than two sprays per season of a product containing a Group 4, 11, 40 (including 45+40) or 49+11 fungicide. Group 49 containing sprays should not exceed one in every three of the of the total number of fungicide sprays per season.
4. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 28+43 product per crop.
5. Apply Group 11 and Group 49+11 fungicides preventatively.
6. Apply Group 4 and 49 fungicides preventatively and only in mixtures with an effective protectant fungicide from a different mode of action group.
7. Do not use a Group 49 (or 49+11) product if it will be the last fungicide applied to the crop.

Crop(s):          Potato

Disease(s):    Late blight (Irish blight)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 4                Phenylamides (PA);
Group 11              Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 21             Quinone inside inhibitors (QiI);
Group 28 + 43   Carbamates + benzamides; and
Group 40             Carboxylic acid amides (CAA).

1. Start disease control early and maintain a regular program using a fungicide from groups other than Group 4, 11 or 40.
2. When conditions favour disease development, do not wait for disease to appear, but apply two consecutive sprays of a Group 4, 11, 40 or 28+43 fungicide at the interval recommended on the label. Then resume the program of sprays using products from a different group to the Group 4, 11, 40 or 28+43 fungicides just applied.
3. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 4 or 40 fungicides per season.
4. Do not apply more than two sprays of a Group 28+43 product per crop.
5. Apply Group 11 fungicides preventively. The total number of Group 11 fungicide applications per season should not exceed one third of the total number of fungicide applications per crop. No more than two consecutive Group 11 sprays should be applied. If consecutive applications of Group 11 fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s) before a Group 11 fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season.

Crop(s):          Potato 

Disease(s):    Target Spot (Early Blight)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2             Dicarboximide;
Group 3             Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7             Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+12     SDHI + phenylpyrroles
Group 9             Anilinopyrimidine;
Group 11           Quinone outside Inhibitor (QoI); and
Group 11 + 3    QoI + DMI.

		Maximum recommended number of sprays which can contain Group:
Total number of early blight targeting sprays		2	3	7 (Incl. 7+3, 7+12)	9	11 (Incl. 11+3)
	1	1	1	1	1	1
	2	2	2	1	1	1
	3	2	2	1	1	2
	4	3	3	2	2	2
	5	4	4	2	2	3
	6	4	4	2	2	3
	7	5	5	2	3	3
	8	6	6	2	3	3
	9	6	6	3	3	3
	10+	6	6	3	3	3

1. Limit the use of Group 2, 3, 7, 9 or 11 fungicides to periods when conditions favour disease development.
2. Do not apply more than six Group 2 sprays in one season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 2 fungicide.
3. Do not apply more than six Group 3 sprays in a season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 3 fungicide alone.
4. If three or fewer fungicide sprays for target spot are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 7 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop, use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 7 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 7 fungicides. If used solo, apply Group 7 fungicides in strict alternation with fungicides from a different cross resistance group. If fungicides containing Group 7 are used in mixture, apply a maximum of 2 consecutive applications.
5. If three or fewer fungicide sprays for target spot are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 9 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop, use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 9 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 9 fungicides.
6. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays containing a Group 9 fungicide.
7. Apply Group 11 containing fungicides preventively. Do not apply more than three foliar applications of a Group 11 containing fungicide per crop, no more than two consecutive Group 11 sprays per crop. If consecutive applications of Group 11 containing fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s) before a Group 11 containing fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season. When using a Group 11 fungicide in-furrow at planting, use a fungicide from a different group as the first foliar spray.
8. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Pulse Crops

Disease (s):  Grey mould (Botrytis) and ascochyta

Group 1                   Methyl benzimidazole carbamates;
Group 2                   Dicarboximide;
Group 3 + 11         Demethylation inhibitors (DMI) + Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI);
Group 7*                 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 3            SDHI + DMI; and
Group 7+12          SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP).

1. Do not apply more than two Group 1, 2, 3+11, 7+3 or 7+12 sprays in one season (including seed treatment).
2. Do not apply more than two consecutive Group 1, 2 or 7 sprays, including from season to season and seed treatments. The final foliar spray of the previous season should be considered when planning which fungicide group to use in seed treatments and the first foliar application. Group 7 containing sprays should not make up more than one in every three of the spray program.
3. If a Group 7 containing fungicide is used as a seed treatment, the first foliar fungicide used must not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
4. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

*Currently only available under temporary permit. Always check that permits are valid prior to use.

Crop(s):          Stone Fruit

Disease(s):     Blossom blight (Monilinia laxa), brown rot (M. fructicola)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2           Dicarboximide;
Group 3           Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7           Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+11   SDHI + Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 9           Anilinopyrimidines (AP); and
Group 11          Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI).

1. If applying Group 2, 3, 7, 11 or 7+11 fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of fungicides from the same group before changing to another group, this includes the last application made in-field from one season to the next.
2. Do not apply more than three sprays of a Group 7, 9, 11 or 7+11 fungicide per season. Alone, tank mixed or co-formulated all count to total. If group 7 applied alone, apply Group 7 in strict alternation with fungicides from a different cross-resistance group.
3. When mixtures are used for Group 7 resistance management, applied as tank mix or as a co-formulated mixture, the mixture partner should provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the target disease and must have a different mode of action.
4. Always apply Group 7 fungicides as per label instructions and use preventatively
5. If consecutive sprays of fungicides from the same chemical group are applied, they must be followed by at least the same number of sprays from an alternative chemical group, before returning to the original group.
   

   	Group
   	2	3	7	9	11	7+11
   Maximum number of consecutive sprays when applied alone	2	2	2	2	2	2
   Maximum number of consecutive sprays when applied in mix with a different mode of action	2	2	2	2	2	2
   Maximum number of sprays per season	3	3	3	3	3	3

6. A post-harvest treatment should also be counted as an application.
7. The last blossom blight spray and the first pre-harvest brown rot spray should be regarded as consecutive applications.
8. The spray program should be considered and the resistance management strategy applied on a whole-orchard basis.
9. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Strawberry

Disease(s):    Grey mould (Botrytis)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2                  Dicarboximide;
Group 7                 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+12          SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 9                  Anilinopyrimidine (AP);
Group 9 + 12        AP + PP; and
Group 17                Hydroxyanilide.

1. Apply a program of protectant fungicides during flowering. If conditions favour disease development during this period, use a Group 2, 9, 12 or 17 fungicide.
2. Do not apply more than two successive sprays of Group 2, 9, 12 or 17 fungicides.
3. If applying Group 7 (including 7+12) fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group. Do not apply more than three Group 7 sprays per season. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 7, including sprays in consecutive seasons.
4. If three or fewer Botrytis fungicide sprays are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 9 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 9 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 9 fungicides.
5. If three or fewer Botrytis fungicide sprays are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 12 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 12 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 12 fungicides.
6. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Strawberry

Disease(s):     Powdery mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3              Demethylation inhibitors ( DMI);
Group 7               Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+12       SDHI + phenylpyrroles (PP)
Group 11             Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group U6           Phenyl-acetamide.

1. Apply a program of protectant fungicides from early crop establishment and maintain a regular spray program throughout the crop growing cycle. If weather conditions favour powdery mildew development, use a Group 3 or 11 fungicide.
2. Do not use the same fungicide group as the last application on runner production and the first application to in-field fruit production.
3. Do not use Group 3 fungicides as eradicants (once symptoms are visible).
4. Do not apply more than four Group 3 sprays per season.
5. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of Group 3 fungicides, including from one season to the next.
6. If applying Group 7 fungicides (including 7+12), do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
7. Do not apply more than three Group 7 sprays per season. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 7, including sprays in consecutive seasons.
8. Apply Group 11 or U6 fungicides preventively.
9. Do not apply consecutive sprays of Group 11 fungicides, including from one season to the next.
10. If three or fewer powdery mildew fungicide sprays are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 11 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop, use no more than two sprays containing a Group 11 or U6 fungicide. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing a Group 11 fungicide. Do not apply more than three Group 11 sprays per season.
11. Do not apply more than two Group U6 sprays per crop.
12. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

Crop(s):          Strawberry runner production
Disease(s):     Powdery mildew

Resistance management strategy for:

Group 3           Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7           Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7+12    SDHI + phenylpyrroles;
Group 8*         Hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines;
Group 11          Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI);
Group 13*        Aza-naphthalenes; and
Group U6        Phenyl-acetamide.

1. This strategy is for the additional range of compounds available to strawberry runner producers under permit.
2. Apply a program of protectant fungicides from early crop establishment and maintain a regular spray program throughout the crop growing cycle. If weather conditions favour powdery mildew development, use a Group 3 or 11 fungicide.
3. Do not use Group 3 fungicides as eradicants, (once symptoms are visible).
4. Do not apply more than four Group 3 sprays per season.
5. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of Group 3 fungicides, including from one season to the next.
6. If applying Group 7 fungicides (including 7+12), do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
7. Do not apply more than three Group 7 sprays per season. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 7, including sprays in consecutive seasons.
8. Apply Group 11 or U6 fungicides preventively.
9. Do not apply consecutive sprays of Group 11 or U6 fungicides, including from one season to the next.
10. If three or fewer powdery mildew fungicide sprays are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 11 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop, use no more than two sprays containing a Group 11 fungicide. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop use a maximum of three sprays containing a Group 11 fungicide. Do not apply more than three Group 11 sprays per season.
11. Fungicides from Group 8 and 13 are available for use on strawberry runner crops under individual permits from the APVMA.
12. Apply a maximum of two (2) Group U6 sprays per season.
13. Apply a maximum of four (4) Group 8 or 13 sprays per season. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group.
14. No specific resistance management strategy has been developed for low-risk fungicides, including those in Group M and BM. These products should be included in a management strategy as per label recommendations.

*Currently only available under temporary permit. Always check that permits are valid prior to use.

Crop(s):         Tomato

Disease(s):    Grey mould (Botrytis)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2           Dicarboximides; and
Group 7            Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI).

1. Tank mix Group 2 fungicides with a protectant such as chlorothalonil. Avoid applying two Group 2 fungicides in succession, unless tank mixed with a protectant.
2. Do not apply more than four Group 2 sprays in a season.
3. If applying Group 7 fungicides solo, use in strict alternation with a fungicide from a different group including sprays in consecutive seasons. Do not apply more than three Group 7 sprays per season.

Crop(s):        Tomato

Disease(s):   Powdery mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3                       Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 11 + 3              Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI;
Group 7                       Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI); and
Group 13                     Aza-napthalenes.

1. Apply fungicides before disease becomes established.
2. Do not apply more than four sprays of a Group 3 containing fungicide per crop.
3. If applying a Group 7, 11 (or 11+3) or 13 containing fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group. Do not apply more than three applications containing a Group 7, 11 (or 11+3) or 13 fungicide per season. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 7, 11 (or 11+3) or 13, which includes sprays from consecutive seasons.

Crop(s):          Tomato

Disease(s):     Target spot (early blight)

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 2                   Dicarboximides;
Group 3                   Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7                    Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 9                   Anilinopyrimidines (AP);
Group 11                  Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI); and
Group 11+3            QoI + DMI.

1. Limit the use of Group 2, 3, 9 or 11 fungicides to periods when conditions favour disease development.
2. Do not apply more than four Group 2 sprays in one season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 2 fungicide.
3. Do not apply more than six Group 3 sprays in a season. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays of a Group 3 fungicide alone.
4. If applying Group 7 fungicides, do not apply more than two consecutive sprays before changing to another group. Do not apply more than three Group 7 sprays per season. If consecutive sprays are used, then use the same number of sprays of an alternative group before using another Group 7, including sprays in consecutive seasons.
5. If three or fewer fungicide sprays for target spot are applied per crop, use only one spray containing a Group 9 fungicide. If four to six sprays are applied per crop, use a maximum of two sprays containing Group 9 fungicides. If seven or more sprays are applied per crop, use a maximum of three sprays containing Group 9 fungicides.
6. Apply no more than two consecutive sprays containing a Group 9 fungicide.
7. Apply Group 11 fungicides preventively. Do not apply more than six sprays, or one third of the total sprays (whichever is lower) from Group 11 fungicides. Do not apply more than two consecutive sprays of Group 11 fungicides. If consecutive applications of Group 11 fungicides are used, then they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s) before a Group 11 fungicide is used again, either in the current or following season.

Crop(s):          Turf

Disease(s):     Various

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 1                     Benzimidazoles;
Group 2                    Dicarboxamides;
Group 3                     Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 4                    Phenylamides (PA);
Group 7 (N3)          Succinate Dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 11            SDHI + Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI);
Group 11                   QoI;
Group 11 + 2           QoI + dicarboxamides;
Group 11 + 3           QoI + DMI;
Group 12                  Phenylpyrroles (PP);
Group 14                  Aromatic hydrocarbons (chlorophenyls and nitroanilines);
Group 21                  Quinone inside inhibitors (QiI);
Group 28                 Carbamates; and
Group 33                 Phosphonates.

1. Fungicide groups that are classified as medium to high risk for fungicide resistance development; Groups 1, 2, 4, 7 (N3), 11 and 21 should be rotated as a key feature to reduce the development of resistance.
2. Do not apply consecutive sprays of fungicides from the same activity group, unless mixed with a registered fungicide from a different mode of action group with no known resistance.
3. Group N3 nematicides are also classified as Group 7 fungicides and consecutive application should be avoided, even if targeting different pests/pathogens.
4. If consecutive sprays are applied of fungicides from a high-risk fungicide group (i.e. Group 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 or 21) they must be followed by at least the same number of applications of fungicide(s) from a different group(s) before the same high-risk fungicide is used again.

Crop(s):          Wheat 

Disease(s):     Septoria blotch

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3                Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7                Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 3+7           DMI + SDHI; and
Group 11+3         Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI. 

1. Fungicides should be used as protectant treatments – prior to symptoms of disease where conditions are conducive to disease development.
2. In high-risk disease environments, integrated management approaches should be used to reduce fungicide resistance risk, which may include:
   • removal or burning of stubble,
   • crop rotation (avoid wheat on wheat),
   • control of green bridge volunteers; and
   • use of tolerant and resistant varieties.
3. Do not apply more than one application of a Group 7 seed treatment with foliar activity in any two consecutive growing seasons.
4. Do not apply more than two applications per growing season of Group 11 or 7 containing products. Foliar sprays and in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases, count toward total. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
5. If a Group 7 seed treatment has been used with foliar activity (as determined by label claims), the first foliar fungicide applied must not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
6. If a Group 7 or 11 fungicide is being applied as a foliar spray, it must be in a co-formulation or in mixture with a registered mixing partner with a different mode of action, with no known resistance. The mixture partner should also provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the target disease.
7. Do not apply more than three applications containing Group 3 fungicides per growing season. This total of three applications includes DMIs applied as Group 11+3 co-formulations and in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatments are counted as one application.
8. Minimise use of Group 3 fungicides which are known to have compromised resistance status.
9. Reduced rates, including with multiple applications, must not be used. Always used labelled rates.

Crop(s):          Wheat

Disease(s):     Yellow spot, powdery mildew

Resistance Management Strategy for:

Group 3                Demethylation inhibitors (DMI);
Group 7                Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI);
Group 7 + 3         SDHI + DMI;
Group 11 + 3       Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) + DMI; 
Group 11 + 4      QoI + phenylamides (PA); and
Group 11+7+3   QoI + SDHI + DMI.

1. Fungicides should be used as protectant treatments prior to symptoms of disease when conditions are conducive to disease development.
2. In high-risk disease environments, integrated management approaches should be used to reduce fungicide resistance risk, which may include:
   1. removal or burning of stubble,
   2. crop rotation (avoid wheat on wheat),
   3. control of green bridge volunteers; and
   4. use of tolerant and resistant varieties.
3. Do not apply more than two applications per growing season of Group 11 or 7 containing products. This includes in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases. Combinations of in-furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
4. Do not apply consecutive applications of Group 11 containing products. This includes in-furrow i.e. If a Group 11+4 fungicide has been used in-furrow at planting, the first foliar fungicide spray must not contain a Group 11 fungicide.
5. If a Group 7 seed treatment has been used with foliar activity (as determined by label claims), the first foliar fungicide applied should not contain a Group 7 fungicide.
6. Do not apply more than one application of a Group 7 seed treatment with foliar activity in any two consecutive growing seasons.
7. If a Group 7 or 11 fungicide is being applied as a foliar spray, it must be in a co-formulation or in mixture with a registered mixing partner with a different mode of action, with no known resistance. The mixture partner should also provide satisfactory disease control when used alone on the target disease.
8. Do not apply more than three applications containing Group 3 fungicides per growing season. This total of three applications includes DMIs applied as Group 11+3 or Group 11+7+3 co-formulations and in-furrow or seed treatments that have activity on foliar diseases. Combinations of in furrow and seed treatment are counted as one application.
9. Minimise use of Group 3 fungicides which are known to have compromised resistance status.
10. Reduced rates, including multiple applications must not be used. Always used labelled rates.