| Main Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or Exemplifying Active Constituent | Active Constituents |
|---|---|---|
| 1* Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Nerve action | 1A Carbamates* | Bendiocarb Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbosulfan Methiocarb Methomyl Oxamyl Pirimicarb Propoxur Thiodicarb |
| * all members of this class may not be cross resistant | 1B Organophosphates* | Acephate Azamethiphos Azinphos methyl Cadusafos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Diazinon Dichlorvos Dimethoate Ethion Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Maldison (malathion) Methidathion Mevinphos Omethoate Phorate Phosmet Pirimiphos-methyl Profenofos Prothiofos Temephos Terbufos Trichlorfon |
| 2 GABA-gated chloride channel blockers | 2A Cyclodiene organochlorines | No registered actives |
| Nerve action | 2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) | Fipronil |
[1] Refer APVMA website (www.apvma.gov.au) to obtain complete list of registered products from the PUBCRIS database
| Main Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or Exemplifying Active Constituent | Active Constituents1 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 Sodium channel modulators Nerve action | 3A Pyrethroids Pyrethrins | Allethrin Alpha-cypermethrin Beta-cyfluthrin Bifenthrin Bioallethrin Bioresmethrin Cyfluthrin Cypermethrin Cyphenothrin Deltamethrin Esbiothrin Esfenvalerate Fenvalerate Flumethrin Gamma-cyhalothrin Imiprothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Permethrin Prallethrin Pyrethrins Tau-fluvalinate Tetramethrin Transfluthrin Zeta-cypermethrin |
| 3B No registered actives in Australia | No registered actives in Australia | |
| 4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators Nerve action | 4A Neonicotinoids | Acetamiprid Clothianidin Donotefuran Imidacloprid Thiacloprid Thiamethoxam |
| 4B Nicotine | No registered actives in Australia | |
| 4C Sulfoximine | Sufloxaflor | |
| 4D Butenolides | Flupyradifurone | |
| 5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators (nAChR) Nerve action | Spinosyns | Spinosad Spinetoram |
| 6 Glutamate-gated Chloride (GluCl) channel allosteric modulators Nerve action | Avermectins Milbemycins | Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate Milbemectin |
| 7 Juvenile hormone mimics | 7A Juvenile hormone analogues | Methoprene |
| Growth regulation | 7B Fenoxycarb | Fenoxycarb |
| 7C Pyriproxyfen | Pyriproxyfen | |
| Main Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or Exemplifying Active Constituent | Active Constituents1 |
| 8 Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors- | 8A Alkyl halides | Methyl bromide |
| 8B Chloropicrin | Chloropicrin |
|
| 8C Fluorides | Sulfuryl fluoride |
|
| 9 Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators Nerve Action | 9B Pyridine azomethine derivatives 9D pyropenes | Pymetrozine afidopyropen |
| 10 Mite growth inhibitors | 10A Clofentezine Hexythiazox | Clofentezine Hexythiazox |
| Growth regulation | 10B Etoxazole | Etoxazole |
| 11 Microbial disrupters of insect midgut membranes (includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins) | 11A Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce. | Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis B.t. crop proteins: Cry1Ac Cry2Ab Cry1F Vip3A |
| 11B B. sphaericus and the insecticidal proteins they produce | Bacillus sphaericus |
|
| 12 Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP | 12A Diafenthiuron | Diafenthiuron |
| synthase | 12B Organotin miticides | Fenbutatin oxide |
| Energy metabolism | 12C Propargite | Propargite |
| 12D Tetradifon | Tetradifon |
|
| 13 Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient Energy metabolism | Chlorfenapyr | Chlorfenapyr |
| 14 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers Nerve action | Nereistoxin analogues | No registered actives in Australia |
| Main Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or Exemplifying Active Constituent | Active Constituents1 |
| 15 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, Growth regulation | Benzoylureas | Chlorfluazuron Diflubenzuron Hexaflumuron Lufenuron Triflumuron Flufenoxuron Novaluron |
| 16 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 Growth regulation | Buprofezin | Buprofezin |
| 17 Moulting disruptor, Dipteran Growth regulation | Cyromazine | Cyromazine |
| 18 Ecdysone receptor agonists Growth regulation | Diacylhydrazines | Methoxyfenozide Tebufenozide |
| 19 Octopamine receptor agonists Nerve action | Amitraz | Amitraz |
| 20 Mitchondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors | 20A Hydramethylnon | Hydramethylnon |
| Energy metabolism | 20B Acequinocyl | acequinocyl |
| 20C No registered actives in Australia | No registered actives in Australia |
|
| 20D Bifenazate | Bifenazate |
|
| 21 Mitchondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism | 21A METI acaricides and insecticides | Fenpyroximate Pyridaben Tebufenpyrad |
| 21B Rotenone | Rotenone (Derris) |
|
| 22 Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers | 22A Oxadiazines | Indoxacarb |
| Nerve action | 22B Semicarbazones | Metaflumizone |
| 23 Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Lipid synthesis, growth regulation | Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives | Spirotetramat |
| Main Mode of Action Group and Primary Site of Action | Chemical Sub-group or Exemplifying Active Constituent | Active Constituents1 |
| 24 Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors | 24A Phosphides | Phosphine Aluminium phosphide Magnesium phosphide |
| Energy metabolism | 24B Cyanides | No registered actives in Australia |
| 25 Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism | 25A Beta-ketonitrile derivatives | Cyflumetofen |
| 25B Carboxanilides | No registered actives in Australia |
|
| 28 Ryanodine receptor modulators Nerve and muscle action | Diamides | Chlorantraniliprole Cyantraniliprole Cyclaniliprole Flubendiamide Tetraniliprole |
| 29 Chordotonal organ modulators – undefined target site Nerve action | Flonicamid | Flonicamid |
| 30 GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators Nerve action | Meta-diamides Isoxazolines | Broflanilide |
| 31 Baculoviruses Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses (Midgut epithelial columnar cell membrane target site – undefined) | Granuloviruses (GVs) | Cydia pomonella granulosis virus strain V22 |
| Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) | Polyhedral occlusion bodies of the NPV of Helicoverpa zea or H. armigera | |
| 32 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NACHR) allosteric modulators Site II | GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptid | No registered active constituents in Australia |
| 33 Calcium-activated potassium channel (KCA2) modulators | Acynonapyr | No registered active constituents in Australia |
| 34 Mitochondrial Complex III transport inhibitors – QI Site | Flometoquin | No registered active constituents in Australia |
| UN | Azadirachtin | Azadirachtin |
Beauveria bassiana | Beauveria bassiana |
|
| Compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action2 | Clitoria ternatea extract | Clitoria ternatea extract |
| Dicofol | Dicofol | |
| Lime sulphur | Lime sulphur | |
| Sulphur | Sulphur | |
| UNM Non-specific mechanical and physical disruptors | Diatomaceous earth | Diatomaceous earth |
2 A compound with an unknown or controversial mode of action or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held in group ‘UN’ until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate mode of action group.
| Active Constituent | Current Group |
|---|---|
| Abamectin | 6 |
| Acequinocyl | 20B |
| Acephate | 1B |
| Afidopyropen | 9D |
| Acetamiprid | 4A |
| Allethrin | 3A |
| Alpha-cypermethrin | 3A |
| Aluminium phosphide | 24A |
| Amitraz | 19 |
| Azadirachtin | UN |
| Azamethiphos | 1B |
| Azinphos methyl | 1B |
| Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai | 11 |
| Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | 11 |
| Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki | 11 |
| Bacillus sphaericus | 11 |
| Bacillus thuringiensis enebrionis | 11 |
Beauveria bassiana | UN |
| Bendiocarb | 1A |
| Beta-cyfluthrin | 3A |
| Bifenazate | 20 |
| Bifenthrin | 3A |
| Bioallethrin | 3A |
| Bioresmethrin | 3A |
| Broflanilide | 30 |
| Buprofezin | 16 |
| Cadusafos | 1B |
| Carbaryl | 1A |
| Carbofuran | 1A |
| Carbosulfan | 1A |
| Chlorantraniliprole | 28 |
| Chlorfenvinphos | 1B |
| Chlorfluazuron | 15 |
| Chlorfenapyr | 13 |
| Chloropicrin | 8B |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1B |
| Chlorpyrifos-methyl | 1B |
Clitoria ternatea extract | UN |
| Clofentezine | 10A |
| Clothianidin | 4A |
| Cyantraniliprole | 28 |
| Cydia pomonella granulosis virus strain V22 | 31 |
| Cyflumetofen | 25B |
| Cyfluthrin | 3A |
| Cypermethrin | 3A |
| Cyromazine | 17 |
| Deltamethrin | 3A |
| Diafenthiuron | 12A |
| Diazinon | 1B |
| Dichlorvos | 1B |
| Dicofol | UN |
| Diflubenzuron | 15 |
| Dinotefuran | 4A |
| Dimethoate | 1B |
| Emamectin benzoate | 6 |
| Esbiothrin | 3A |
| Ethion | 1B |
| Etoxazole | 10B |
| Esfenvalerate | 3A |
| Fenamiphos | 1B |
| Fenbutatin oxide | 12B |
| Fenitrothion | 1B |
| Fenoxycarb | 7B |
| Fenpyroximate | 21A |
| Fenthion | 1B |
| Fenvalerate | 3A |
| Fipronil | 2B |
| Flonicamid | 29 |
| Flubendiamide | 28 |
| Flufenoxuron | 15 |
| Flumethrin | 3A |
| Gamma-cyhalothrin | 3A |
| Hexaflumuron | 15 |
| Hexythiazox | 10A |
| Hydramethylnon | 20A |
| Imidacloprid | 4A |
| Imiprothrin | 3A |
| Indoxacarb | 22A |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 3A |
| Lufenuron | 15 |
| Magnesium phosphide | 24A |
| Metaflumizone | 22B |
| Maldison (malathion) | 1B |
| Methidathion | 1B |
| Methiocarb | 1A |
| Methomyl | 1A |
| Methoprene | 7A |
| Methoxyfenozide | 18 |
| Methyl bromide | 8A |
| Mevinphos | 1B |
| Milbemectin | 6 |
| Oxamyl | 1A |
| Omethoate | 1B |
| Permethrin | 3A |
| Phorate | 1B |
| Phosmet | 1B |
| Phosphine | 24A |
| Pirimicarb | 1A |
| Pirimiphos-methyl | 1B |
| Polyhedral occlusion bodies of the NPV of Helicoverpa zea or H. armigera | 31 |
| Prallethrin | 3A |
| Profenofos | 1B |
| Propargite | 12C |
| Propoxur | 1A |
| Prothiofos | 1B |
| Pymetrozine | 9B |
| Pyrethrins | 3A |
| Pyridaben | 21A |
| Pyriproxyfen | 7C |
| Spinosad | 5 |
| Spinetoram | 5 |
| Spirotetramat | 23 |
| Sulfoxaflor | 4C |
| Tau-fluvalinate | 3A |
| Tebufenozide | 18 |
| Tebufenpyrad | 21A |
| Temephos | 1B |
| Terbufos | 1B |
| Tetradifon | 12D |
| Tetramethrin | 3A |
| Thiacloprid | 4A |
| Thiamethoxam | 4A |
| Thiodicarb | 1A |
| Transfluthrin | 3A |
| Trichlorfon | 1B |
| Triflumuron | 15 |
| Zeta-cypermethrin | 3A |
URL: https://croplife.org.au/resources/programs/resistance-management/insecticide-mode-of-action-classification-for-insecticides-draft/
Content last updated: June 30, 2022
CropLife Australia’s Resistance Management Strategies provide a guide for crop protection product rotation through product groups. The strategies are a useful tool that supports farmers’ adoption of resistance management. All crop protection products must be handled and applied strictly as specified on the product label or APVMA permits.
These Resistance Management Strategies do not replace product labels. They are a guide only and do not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. It is important to check with the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) product database for contemporary information on products and active constituents. The database can be sourced through www.apvma.gov.au
The information given in this strategy is provided in good faith and without any liability for loss or damage suffered as a result of its application and use. Advice given in this strategy is valid as at 30 June 2022. All previous versions of this strategy are now invalid.